Zoology

Brief History

Surendranath College is an undergraduate college affiliated to the University of Calcutta, in Kolkata, India. It was founded in 1884 by the nationalist leader and scholar Surendranath Banerjee. For much of its history it was known as Ripon College, named for the British Viceroy Lord Ripon, but in 1948-1949 it was renamed for its founder. Swami Vivekananda delivered his first address in Calcutta from the rostrum of this college on his return from Chicago after his famous deliverance at the Parliament of the World’s Religions. The Journey of Department of Zoology dates back to the year 1959. One of the pioneer departments in this college to have an honours course.

Departmental Website: https://sites.google.com/view/snczoology/home

Distinctiveness

The Journey of Department of Zoology dates back to the year 1959.
One of the pioneer departments in this college to have an honours course.
It’s a DBT star department.
Department receives funding from both BOOST and STAR in a single academic year.
Collaboration with IIT BOMBAY.
A well-furnished animal specimen museum having a diverse collection of animal species from different ecological habitats, several preserved rare specimens, skeletal structures, corals and taxidermy collections, providing the students an opportunity to know about the animal kingdom through a visionary learning and understanding of the different animal species.
A spacious Department having 3 laboratories, 3 classrooms (out of them, 2 ICT enabled air conditioned) , 1 seminar room, 1 seminar library,1instrument room ,1store room , 1 Teacher’s room and an office for HOD. Two digitally smart classrooms with well-equipped infrastructure for imparting better, detailed and picturesque illustration of the academic/curricular topics to the students. An instrument room with all the required instruments for the demonstration and illustration of practical academic/curricular topics to the students, providing them with a hand-on experience in the operation of the instruments. The instruments present in the instrument room are – Binocular microscope, Incubator, Compound microscopes, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis apparatus, Protein Gel Electrophoresis apparatus (SDS-PAGE), Histological staining apparatus (Vials, Trays, Hematoxylin, Eosin ), Instruments for the Ecological experiments (burettes, conical flasks, beakers, pipettes, BOD bottles).
Study tour and Field trips conducted by the department for the exposure of students to the diverse animal species and their ecological habitats in nature.
A departmental library for the students to have a good collection of books to read and borrow to enrich themselves with the academic/curricular topics to enhance their subject concepts and dept.
Involving students in different extra-curricular activities like – Student’s Seminar programs, Writing of Review articles, publishing departmental e-Magazine to encourage students to write and publish articles of their topic of interest, organizing Intra/Inter departmental Quiz competitions among the students to exercise and widen their horizon of knowledge and thinking.

Best Practices

Student’s seminar program
Publication of e-magazine
Alumni meet
Parent-Teacher meeting
Educational and study tour
Mentor-mentee groups and interactions
Departmental Seminar/Webinar
Departmental cultural programs (Fresher’s welcome, Farewell, Teacher’s day)

INDRANIL KAR

PRINCIPAL

ADITY SARBAJNA

Assistant Professor

Subhadra Roy

Associate Professor

PRITHA MONDAL

Assistant Professor - Stg.-II.

SUMAN TAMANG

TARIKUL ISLAM GOLDER

Assistant Professor

CHAITALI BARMAN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

MANISH KANTI BISWAS

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Subhadipa Majumder

Head of the Department

Program and Course Outcome, B.Sc. Honours and General (CBCS System, 2018)

Program Outcome

The program provides the awareness to the students about knowledge and skill in the fundamentals and systematics of animal kingdom. The students gain the knowledge of anatomical structure and various metabolic functions of organisms and understand the various physiological processes at molecular level of animals from different phyla. Information and skill of advanced biological techniques for experimental purpose are inculcated among the students. Students are exposed on the awareness about environment and its conservation processes, pollution control and its importance and gaining of knowledge of protection of vulnerable and endangered species. Information and knowledge skill of applied zoology including sericulture, apiculture, fisheries, poultry, vermiculture, agricultural pests and their control etc. are provided to the students with pragmatic understanding and knowldedge. Students are made to learn about various concepts of genetics and its importance in social wellbeing and are made aware about ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities. Students are made to understand the application of knowledge and understanding of Zoology to one’s own and social life along with the gaining of knowledge concerning communicable and non-communicable diseases to improve personal and public health.

Program specific Outcome

The student will be able to understand classify and identify the diversity of animals. The student understands the importance of classification of animals and classifies them effectively using the six levels of classification. The student knows his role in nature as a protector, preserver and promoter of life which he/she has achieved by learning, observing and understanding life. . Acquire knowledge on the various aspects of life sciences, cell biology, genetics, taxonomy, physiology, applied zoology, general embryology and public health. Understand good laboratory practices and safety, Carry out experimental techniques and methods of Physiology, Cell biology, pathology, Genetics, Applied Zoology, Biological techniques, Toxicology, Entomology, Sericulture, Biochemistry, Microtomy. Understand the applications of biological sciences in Biotechnology, Apiculture, Poultry, Fisheries, Aquaculture, Agriculture and Vermiculture. The students gain the knowledge to use modern sophisticated equipments and tools. Recognize the scientific facts behind natural phenomena. In the Practical papers the students gain knowledge to identify various animals based on morphological features and understand the principle and use of microscopes and micrometry.

Course Specific Outcomes

The courses is delivered in terms of concepts, mechanisms, biological designs & functions and evolutionary significance cutting across organisms at B.Sc. level. This courses will be studied by students of all branches of biology. Both chalk and board, and PowerPoint presentations are used for teaching the course. The students perform dissertation/ project work under practical of different courses, wherever possible. The students are expected to learn the courses with excitements of biology along with the universal molecular mechanisms of biological designs and their functions. They will be able to appreciate shifting their orientation of learning from a descriptive explanation of biology to a unique style of learning through graphic designs and quantitative parameters to realize how contributions from research and innovation have made the subjects modern, interdisciplinary and applied and laid the foundations of Zoology, Animal Sciences, Life Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. This courses and their practical exercises help the students to apply their knowledge in future course of their career development in higher education and research. In addition, they become interested to look for engagements in industry and commercial activities employing Life Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. They can also be interested in entrepreneurship and start some small business based on their interest and experience.

The core courses would fortify the students with in-depth subject knowledge concurrently; the discipline specific electives will add additional knowledge about applied aspects of the program as well as its applicability in both academia and industry. Generic electives will introduce integration among various interdisciplinary courses. The skill enhancement courses would further add additional skills related to the subject as well as other than subject. In brief, the students graduated with this type of curriculum would be able to disseminate subject knowledge along with necessary skills to suffice their capabilities for academia, entrepreneurship and Industry.

Non- Chordates I (Protista to Pseudocoelomate)

Students become familiar with the non-chordate world that surrounds us. Able to appreciate the process of evolution (unicellular cells to complex, multicellular organisms) Able to identify the invertebrates and classify them up to the class level with the basis of systematic Understand the basis of life processes in the non-chordates and recognize the economically important invertebrate fauna.

Molecular Biology

The students are enriched with the knowledge on the genetic variation through linkage and crossing over, gene frequency, chromosomal aberrations and sex determination. Understand the theories of classical genetics and blood group inheritance in man. Explain the concept of mutation and DNA structure. Paraphrase the Central dogma of molecular biology. Understand the molecular structure of genetic materials and understood the mechanism of gene expression and regulation character formation. Illustrate the mechanism of replication, transcription and translation. Justify the post transcriptional and post translational modifications.

Non-Chordate II (Coelomate Phyla)

The students get a detailed introduction to Coelomate non-chordate phyla with a detailed understanding of the different morphological, anatomical, physiological, ecological and evolutionary significances related with them. Students receive an enriched knowledge on the detailed understanding of Annelid, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata.

Cell Biology)

The students are able to understand the structure of cells and cell organelles in relation to the functional aspects and understanding of the working principles and applications of microscopes. Describe the composition of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Understand the structure and functions of chromosome; mitotic and meiotic cell divisions and their significance. Describe the three primary components of the cell’s cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement. Differentiate between structural, functional and biochemical aspects of all the cellular components and organelles. Acquire a well gained knowledge of cell transportation, gap and tight junctions and all other cellular activities and physiology.

Chordata

The students get to identify the characters of Amphibia and its parental care. To describe the Phylum Mammalia and its aquatic adaptations. To identify the poisonous and non-poisonous snakes. To write down classification of Aves and Flight adaptation in birds. To identify the formation of foetal membranes in chick embryo and their function.

Animal Physiology: Controlling & Co-ordinating system

Students are introduced to the very basics and fundamental approaches to the Neuroscience and Nervous system. Understand and analyze the significance of Ion channels and Neurotransmitters in the functional, physiological and biochemical study of the Neurobiology and Nervous system. Understanding of cellular and molecular basis of neurophysiology. Students learn to understand and acquire knowledge in the techniques to study brain.

Fundamental of Biochemistry

Students gain the knowledge of basic terms in biochemistry. The student will be able to explain the structure, functions and reactions of the various biomolecules. Correlate the changes in the levels of these biomolecules with the diseases in human. Calculate pH of buffer solution. Attained the knowledge of macromolecule such as carbohydrates, protein and fat, their types and significance. Understand and analyse the enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action and factors affecting the enzyme activity and the various types and importance of vitamins.

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrate

The students are taught and enriched in their knowledge about the comparative structures of heart, aortic arches, kidney, balancing organ, hearing organ, thyroid, respiratory organs, brain of different animals which give them a definite idea not only the structure but also the structural development of that organ and how they become modified according to their need and environment. Students get a brief idea and knowledge about differentiation and organization of cells and maintenance of tissues. It helps to get a better idea about their structure and function.

Animal Physiology: Life Sustaining System

The students learn to describe the anatomy of different physiological systems at the tissue and cellular levels. Evaluate the physiological functioning of different organs. Analyse the physiological changes in relation to environmental conditions. Identify different tissues related to anatomy and physiology from an evidence-based perspective. Carry out physiological studies in the laboratory, Interpret data and graphs and write a report. Correlate the organisms Internal and external environments with homeostasis and biological clocks. Justify energy utilization in physiological and metabolic activities.

Immunology

The students get imparted with in-depth knowledge of tissues, cells and molecules involved in host defense mechanisms. Understanding of different types of immunity and interactions of antigens, antibodies, complements and other immune components. Understanding of immune mechanisms in disease control, vaccination, process of immune interactions

Ecology

The student will be able to identify and critically evaluate their own beliefs, values and actions in relation to professional and societal standards of ethics and its impact on ecosystem and biosphere due to the dynamics in population. Critically understand the intricate links of food chains, food webs and link it with human life for its betterment and for non-exploitation of the biotic and abiotic components. Understand anticipate, analyse and evaluate natural resource issues and act on a lifestyle that conserves nature. The working in nature to save environment will help development of leadership skills to promote betterment of environment. The Learner understands and appreciates the diversity of ecosystems and applies beyond the syllabi to understand the local lifestyle and problems

Principle of Genetics

The students learn to describe the genetic variation through linkage and crossing over, gene frequency, chromosomal aberrations and sex determination. Understand the theories of classical genetics and blood group inheritance in man. Explain the concept of mutation. Explain DNA structure. Paraphrase the Central dogma of molecular biology. Understood the molecular structure of genetic materials and understood the mechanism of gene expression and regulation character formation. Illustrate the mechanism of replication, transcription and translation. Justify the post transcriptional and post translational modifications.

Developmental Biology

The students learn the explanation of the principles and process of fertilization and cleavage. Prepare the flow chart of gametogenesis process. Identify the developmental stages and understand the process of development of animals. Describe the process of gametogenesis. Understood the process of organogenesis of selected organs, development of extra embryonic membrane and the nature and physiology of placenta. Explain the theories of preformation, and concepts like growth, differentiation and reproduction.

Evolutionary Biology

The students are able to understand the theories of evolution and highlighted the role of evidences in support of evolution Explain the theories of organic evolution. Describe the concept of origin of life and theories of origin of life. Describe evolution of man. Illustrate the presence of organisms at various geological time scale. Apply the knowledge in relevant experimentations. Categorize different zoogeographical realms. Compare animal distribution in different zoogeographical realms. Described the evolutionary knowledge through the concepts of coloration and mimicry.

Parasitology

Students are able to explain the basic biology and lifecycle of parasites including epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Recognize morphological characteristics for identification of parasites and their developmental stages. Explain animal associations and their types. Discuss the life cycle and importance of major parasites. Illustrate transmission routes of animal and zoonotic parasites. Analyze the medical and public health aspects of human parasitic infections. Justify the control measures of arthropod vectors. Understand the importance of hygiene with respect to epidemic diseases

Endocrinology

The students acquire the detailed study of endocrine glands (pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid, gonads) with respect to their anatomical, histological and physiological aspects. Understanding of the ontogeny and phylogeny of the different endocrine glands. Molecular and biochemical study and analysis of neuroendocrine system, hormone receptors, signal transduction mechanisms. Understanding the hormones and their significance in reproduction – a. Seasonal breeders, b. Continuous breeders.

Animal Biotechnology

Students are imparted with the knowledge to culture animal cells in artificial media. Knowledge of animal cells in culture, growth of cell lines. Detailed and practical knowledge of recombinant DNA technology, genetic manipulations in a variety of industrial and research processes.

Fish & Fishery

Students acquire broad knowledge to identify the fish diseases and the causative organisms. Mention the various composite fish culture with significance of each type. Describe the methods of freshwater prawn culture and its management. Explain the methods of pearl culture and pearl harvesting. Illustrate the preparation and management of fish culture ponds. Demonstrate the methods of packaging and transport of fish and brood fish. Illustrate techniques of fish harvesting, preservation & processing. Compare the techniques used in fishery development.

Apiculture

Students acquire sufficient knowledge to explain the basic concepts of apiculture like systematics, colony organization, polymorphism, morphology and foraging. Explain the tools and management of apiary. Explain the importance of institutions pertinent to apiculture. Discuss the setup of beekeeping business. Illustrate the bee keeping as occupation. Justify the presence of bees to increase the agriculture productivity.

Aquarium Fishery

The students acquire the knowledge on ornamental fish production and aquarium keeping. Develop entrepreneurship on ornamental fish breeding and rearing. Getting hands on exposure to students on various aspects of ornamental fish farming. Students are acquainted to be able to identify commonly used aquarium fishes. Students develop the ability to construct aquariums with innovative designs. Develops an insight of the mechanical equipment used along with aquarium. Development of the ability to identify the major disease by merely noticing symptoms. Develop ability to breed fishes in controlled environment. Develop knowledge in maintaining marine aquarium. Students are made self-sufficient to maintain ornamental fish farms.

Applied Zoology

Students enrich their knowledge in explaining the coral reef and its significance. Explain parasitic roundworms of animal. Explain the role of insects of economic importance. Illustrate the lac culture, apiculture, prawn culture, vermiculture, Poultry, dairy industry and Piggery. Signify the role of parasitic and soil protozoan in human welfare. Justify the use of animals in pharmaceutical research.

Sericulture

The students gain the knowledge of silk worm rearing and Mulberry cultivation. Study and analysis of pests and diseases associated with silk worm and mulberry. Various processes involved in silk production.

Ecology & Wild life Biology

Students get to learn and acquire the knowledge regarding environment and conservation biology. Gains knowledge in the areas of responses to Laws of limiting factor, Laws of minimum, Laws of Tolerance. Types of ecosystem – freshwater, marine and terrestrial. Population characteristics and dynamics – conceptual approach of Growth curves and pyramids; sigmoid curve, J curve and hyperbola; logistic equation and concepts relating to population dynamics. The students get well equipped to become very competent in research or teaching fields

Medical diagnosis

Students acquire the detailed and critical knowledge related to the techniques involved in detection of various diseases. Pathology associated with various diseases. Practical skills of conducting basic clinical lab experiments and analysis associated with medical diagnostics Application of knowledge of clinical science and pathology to one’s own life.

Program and Course Outcome , B.Sc. Three years Honours and General (1+1+1 system, 2016)
Program Outcome

This program is one of the most fundamental unit of basic sciences studied at undergraduate level. The program helps to develop scientific tempers and attitudes, which in turn can prove to be beneficial for the society since the scientific developments can make a nation or society to grow at a rapid pace. After studying this program, students will be more equipped to learn and know about different biological systems, their coordination and control as well as evolution, behavior and biological roles of the animals in the ecosystem. Moreover, they will be able to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze evolutionary parameters using various bioinformatics and computational tools used in modern sciences. This will provide them ample opportunities to explore different career avenues. The program will also provide a platform for classical genetics in order to understand distribution or inheritance of different traits and diseases among populations, their ethnicity and correlate with contemporary and modern techniques like genomics, metagenomics, genome editing and molecular diagnostic tools. After the completion of this course, students have the option to go for higher studies, i.e., M. Sc. / Integrated MS Ph.D. and then do research work for the welfare of mankind. After higher studies, students can join as scientist or assistant professor or assistant teacher and can even look for professional job oriented courses, such as Indian Civil Services, Indian Forest Service, Indian Police Service etc. Science graduates can go to serve in industries or may opt for establishing their own industrial unit. Practical and theoretical skills gained in this program will be helpful in designing different public health strategies for social welfare. The program has been designed to provide in-depth knowledge of applied subjects ensuring the inculcation of employment skills so that students can make a career and become an entrepreneur in diverse fields. After the completion of the B.Sc degree there are various other options available for the science students.

Program specific Outcome
The under-graduate program should be able to:

To identify and understand vertebrate as well as invertebrate.
To explain physiological and biochemical activities and its impact on human bodies.
To understand basic genetics.
To develop respect for nature.
To explain the role and impact of different environmental conservation programs.
To identify socio-economic animals & it’s beneficial to humans.
To identify various potential risk factors to health of humans.
To explain the importance of genetics and biotechnology.
To obtain knowledge in wildlife and can choose Wildlife Tourism as a career.

Course Specific Outcomes
Diversity & Functional Anatomy of Non-chordate Forms

Explain the diversity of lower invertebrates.

Discuss the animal architecture and function during the course of evolution.

Create the awareness of the economic importance and significance of invertebrates.

Discuss human health and diseases caused by various parasites by understanding their mode of transmission, treatment and preventive measures.

Identify the diversity in lower invertebrates.

Explain the diversity of higher invertebrates.>

To appreciate the diversity in higher invertebrates including arthropods, mollusks and echinoderms.

Identify and appreciate the unique characters of different arthropods, mollusks and echinoderms.

Create the awareness of the economic importance and significance of arthropods and mollusks.

Discuss the biological methods of pest management.

Diversity & Functional Anatomy of Chordate Forms

Explain the diversity of protochordates and chordates.

Identify the taxonomic position of chordates and their diversity and distribution.

Identify and distinguish between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes by observing characteristic features.

Gain insights about the economic importance and significance of Pisces and Pisciculture.

Discuss the composition and significance of snake venom.

Discuss the taxonomic position, characteristic features and distribution of different orders of the Aves and Mammals.

Obtain comprehensive knowledge of comparative anatomy of chordates and to recognize their evolutionary trends.

Gain conceptual understanding of evidences, theories and mechanisms of evolution.

Explain the evolutionary history of man.

Cell Biology

Discuss the overview of cells, its structure and components, outline and summarize the transport systems of the cell.

To emphasize the central role of Cell biology, being the most developing areas of biological science.

To make aware of different cell organelles, their structure and role in living organisms.

To develop critical thinking, skill and research aptitudes.

Genetics

Describe the concepts of heredity, chromosomal aberrations, gene regulation.

Discuss genetic diseases, its inheritance and importance of genetic counseling.

Critically analyze think logically and reason through solving genetic problems.

To emphasize the central role that genetics in the life of all organisms.

To develop critical thinking skill and research aptitude among students, by introducing the frontier areas of the biological science.

Developmental Biology

Explain the developmental process that leads to the development and differentiation of the body.

Explain different developmental stages in vertebrates.

This course will help the students to understand the development of multicellular organisms from a single cell zygote.

Students will be able to appreciate the mechanisms that support growth and development.

They will learn interesting and unique post embryonic development that happens in other animals.

It will help them to understand the concept of aging and the relevance of this knowledge in several medical applications.Animal forms and Comparative anatomy, Cytological methods and Genetics, Osteology and Embryology (Practical)

To impart knowledge about histology of tissues.

To impart knowledge about the importance of natural dyes.

Gain knowledge of functional anatomy of organs.

Systematics

To give a thorough understanding in the fundamental principles of systematic in which the animals are how to classify according to their characters and what are theories which have to follow for classification is studied.

International rules of nomenclature and classification is studied.

Evolutionary Biology & Adaptation

Concept building on the origin of life and different theories associated with it.

Idea of population genetics, extinction.

Knowledge on evolution, geological time scale and natural selection.

Knowledge on origin and evolution of birds and horses.

Idea of adaptation in different habitats.

Animal Behavior

Gain fundamental knowledge in the concepts of animal behavior which enable the student to conceptualize learning, communication, migration and biological rhythms

To impart basic knowledge on animal different behavioural patterns and their role.

Understand types of animal behaviour and their importance to the organisms.

Enhance their observation, analysis, interpretation and documentation skills by taking short projects pertaining to Animal behaviour and chronobiology.

Relate animal behaviour with other subjects such as Animal biodiversity, Evolutionary biology, Ecology, Conservation biology and Genetic basis of the behaviour.

Understand various process of chronobiology in their daily life such as jet lag.

Learn about the biological rhythm and their application in pharmacology and modern medicine.

Realize, appreciate and develop passion to biodiversity; and will respect the nature and environment.

Ecology

Discuss the fundamentals of ecology, hierarchy formed by ecological systems and interdisciplinary nature of ecology.

Explain the concepts in community ecology, population ecology and productivity in the ecosystem.

Describe the different types of ecological adaptation in animals.

Design, perform and critically analyze the results of various experiments in ecology.

Evolutionary Biology

The students acquire problem solving and high order analytical skills by attempting numerical problems as well as performing simulation studies of various evolutionary forces in action.

Application of knowledge gained, on populations in real time, while studying speciation, behaviour and susceptibility to diseases.

Gaining of knowledge about the relationship of the evolution of various species and the environment they live in.

Getting motivated to work towards mitigating climate change so that well adapted species do not face extinction as a result of sudden drastic changes in environment.

Using knowledge gained from study of variations, genetic drift to ensure that conservation efforts for small threatened populations are focused in right direction.

Predict the practical implication of various evolutionary forces acting on the human population in the field of human health, agriculture and wildlife conservation.

Use various software to generate interest towards the field of bioinformatics and coding used in programming language.

Biodiversity and conservation

To create appreciation on diversity of life on earth to understand different levels of biological diversity.

To learn biodiversity estimation techniques.

To create interest for conservation of biodiversity and its management.

Animal Physiology

Explain the physiological functions of various organ systems of the mammalian physiology.

Discuss the correlation between histology, anatomy and physiology.

Perform, analyze and report on experiments and observations in physiology.

Comprehend the study of endocrine system their role in maintaining homeostasis of the human body.

Explain the pathological conditions associated with endocrine imbalances.

Explain the patho-physiology of common. diseases related to organ systems of the body.

Discuss about clinically important diagnostic instruments, their working principle and applications.

Gain exposure to research methodologies.

Biochemistry

This course will provide students with a deep knowledge in biochemistry and bioenergetics.

Defining and explaining the basic principles of biochemistry and bioenergetics useful for biological studies for illustrating different their structure, function and metabolism.

Ecological methods, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, Animal

International rules of nomenclature and classification is studied.

To understand different levels of biological diversity.

This course will provide students with a deep knowledge in physiology. Ø Explaining various aspects of physiological activities of animals with special reference to humans. Ø This course will provide students with a deep knowledge in biochemistry. Ø Students will acquire a broad understanding of the hormonal regulation of physiological processes in invertebrates and vertebrates.

Molecular Biology

Be able to describe the basic structure of nucleic acids at the molecular level and with a deeper understanding of the structure of DNA students will be able to explain how RNA differs from DNA.

Learn how the DNA is packaged inside the nucleus in association with the histone proteins and organized in a genome.

Explain the underpinnings of the mechanism of DNA replication and repair and will be able to compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair.

Have a deeper understanding of DNA repair mechanisms, including mismatch repair, base excision, and nucleotide excision repair mechanisms and the repair of double stranded DNA.

Explain the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and how these interactions are regulated.

Demonstrate the profound understanding of the process of transcription, including the three major steps of initiation, elongation, and termination and how this process is both similar and different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

Understand the characteristics of genetic code, how to interpret the codon table and explain the relationship between codons on mRNA and the amino acids in a polypeptide.

Be able to explain how genetic information in the DNA is selectively expressed as functional proteins.

Be able to explain how mRNAs, rRNAs and tRNAs are synthesized and processed.

Know the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes and how they are organized into subunits and whole ribosomes. Demonstrate the deeper understanding of the mechanisms of post-transcriptional processing and the role of this process in control of gene expression.

Understand the general mechanism of RNA splicing, and be familiar with structure and function of spliceosomes.

Parasitology and Microbiology

Introduction to the different concepts of parasitism.

Concept building on different parasitic forms belonging to different species, their life-cycle patterns, pathogenicity etc.

Basic idea of vector biology.

Immunology

Explain the roles of immune system in maintaining health, immunological response, the way it is triggered and regulated.

Describe the basic mechanisms, distinctions and functional interplay of innate and adaptive immunity.

Define the cellular/molecular pathways of humoral/cell-mediated adaptive responses including the role of Major Histocompatibility Complex.

Explain the cellular and molecular aspects of lymphocyte activation, homeostasis, differentiation, and memory.

Understand the molecular basis of complex, humoral (Cytokines, Complement) and cellular processes involved in inflammation and immunity, in states of health and disease.

Integration Biology and Homeostasis

Introduction to different types of tissues in our body and an elaborate knowledge on each type.

An idea about the physiology of mammalian reproduction

Concept building of the hormones, endocrine glands and their function.

Animal Biotechnology & Applied Zoology

Explain the techniques in genetic engineering, rDNA technology, and latest advancements in stem cell biology.

Discuss the various tools and techniques employed in genetic engineering

To emphasize the central role that biotechnology plays in the life of all organisms.

To introduce the student to some of the present and future applications of bio-sciences. To develop critical thinking skill and research aptitude among students, by introducing the frontier areas of the biological science.

To update and expand basic informatics skills and attitudes relevant to the emerging knowledge of society and also to equip the students to effectively utilize the digital knowledge resources in learning.

To equip the students with the knowledge of modern developments and recent trends in biological sciences.

Molecular biology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Immunology, Histological techniques and staining methods, Adaptation (Practical)